{"id":2670,"date":"2020-02-11T16:44:24","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T16:44:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/work2.dossetenta.com\/lupicino\/2020\/02\/11\/iran-sanctions-2\/"},"modified":"2022-08-30T09:38:41","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T08:38:41","slug":"iran-sanctions-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lupicinio.com\/en\/iran-sanctions-2\/","title":{"rendered":"IRAN SANCTIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"

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IRAN SANCTIONS<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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  1. BACKGROUND<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    Iran has been subject to multiple sanctions by the international community since the overthrow of the Shah in the 1979 Islamic revolution. The main player has been the United States, which since that year has oriented its foreign policy towards Iran in this sense, in the first place, in reaction to the Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1981) and, in the following years, to the support of Iran to international terrorism since the eighties and to the development of the Iranian nuclear program since 2002.<\/p>\n

    This is also the reason why both the European Union and the UN imposed sanctions on Iran.<\/p>\n

    Since 2010, the main international powers (United States, China, Russia, United Kingdom, France and Germany), as well as the European Union, have tried to negotiate with Iran to limit its atomic weapons development program.<\/p>\n

    In this context, the “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (“JCPOA”) was signed in 2015 between the aforementioned countries and Iran. As a result of this agreement, both the EU and the US withdrew<\/strong> most of their sanctions on Iran (mainly trade and financial sanctions), in exchange for certain commitments by Iran to limit its nuclear program.<\/p>\n

    However, and contrary to the opinion of the other JCPOA signatory states and due to strong suspicions on the part of the United States of non-compliance with these commitments, on 8 May 2018 President Donald Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the aforementioned agreement and, consequently, the reintroduction<\/strong> of most of the US sanctions on Iran.<\/p>\n

    More recently, and after a growing escalation of tension in the Middle East between the United States and Iran, the latter announced, on 5 January, that it would no longer comply with its commitments as stipulated in the JCPOA. This has led to the activation of the Dispute Resolution Mechanism (a multi-stage procedure, as provided for in paragraphs 36<\/em> and 37<\/em> of the JCPOA, to settle possible conflicts over the implementation and enforcement of the agreement) foreseen in the JCPOA by the United Kingdom, France and Germany, a decision that has been criticized by Russia and China.<\/p>\n

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    EUROPEAN UNION<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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    1. DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE YEAR 2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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      In view of the above, on 9 April 2019, the Council of the European Union has issued Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/560<\/em> of 8 April 2019 Implementing<\/em> Regulation (EU) 359\/2011<\/em> concerning restrictive measures against certain persons, entities and bodies in view of the situation in Iran<\/em>, and Council Decision (CFSP) 2019\/562<\/em> of 8 April 2019 amending Decision 2011\/235\/CFSP<\/em> concerning restrictive measures against certain persons and entities in view of the situation in Iran<\/em>, both published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 9 April of the same year.<\/p>\n

      By the said Implementing<\/em> Regulation<\/em> and Decision<\/em>, the restrictive measures imposed on certain natural and legal persons in connection with violations of human rights (freezing of funds and resources as well as travel restrictions), the export of goods or equipment which might be used for internal repression and telecommunications surveillance equipment are extended<\/strong> until 13 April 2020.<\/p>\n

      Currently, eighty-seven (87) natural persons of Iranian nationality and one (1) Iranian entity are sanctioned.<\/p>\n

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      1. CURRENT FRAMEWORK OF EU SANCTIONS RELATED TO IRAN<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        As we have already mentioned, after the signing of the JCPOA on July 14th<\/sup> 2015, the main sanctions imposed by the European Union were withdrawn<\/strong>. These included the following:<\/p>\n